Engel: Pain-Free Biochemistry: An Essential Guide for the Health Sciences

Topic 1: Why biochemistry?

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Topic 2: Remarkableness of life

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Chemistry I: The basic structure of substances: atoms, molcules, elements and compounds

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Chemistry II: Atomic structure, valency and bonding

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Chemistry III: Protons, acids, bases, concentration and the pH scale

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Topic 3: Shape, molecular recognition and proteins: an example

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Topic 4: Proteins: molecular necklaces

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Topic 5: Chemical transformations in the living organism: metabolism

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Topic 6: Reactions, catalysts and enzymes

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Topic 7: Specificity, saturation and active sites

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Topic 8: Structure of metabolism: anabolism and catabolism

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Chemistry IV: Equilibrium

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Topic 9: Catabolism: degradation vs energy metabolism

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Chemistry V: Oxidation and reduction

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Topic 10: Oxidation and reduction in metabolism

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Chemistry VI: Aldehydes, ketones and sugars

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Topic 11: Carbohydrates: sugars and polysaccharides in metabolism

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Topic 12: Glucose inside the body

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Topic 13: Breakdown of sugar: glycolysis

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Topic 14: Aerobic oxidation of pyruvate: Krebs cycle

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Topic 15: Respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation and overall ATP yields

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Topic 16: Mobilising the carbohydrate store: glycogenolysis

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Chemistry VII: Alcohols, esters, glycerol, fatty acids and triglycerides

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Chemistry VIII: Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

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Topic 17: Phospholipids and membranes

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Chemistry IX: Saturated and unsaturated

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Topic 18: Fats as an energy source

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Topic 19: Fats: digestion, transport, storage and mobilisation

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Topic 20: Fats: oxidation of fatty acids

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Topic 21: Ketone bodies in health and disease

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Topic 22: Dietary fat: essential fatty acids

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Topic 23: Protein and amino acid breakdown

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Topic 24: Shedding excess amino groups: urea cycle

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Topic 25: Is anabolism just catabolism backwards?

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Topic 26: Making new glucose: 'gluconeogenesis'

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Topic 27: Fatty acid biosynthesis

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Topic 28: Providing reducing power: NADPH and the pentose phosphate pathway

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Chemistry X: Isotopes

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Topic 29: Red cells and white cells: defence against reactive oxygen and reactive oxygen as defence

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Topic 30: The need for metabolic control

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Topic 31: Relationship of fats and carbohydrates: use by different tissues

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Topic 32: The idea of genes

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Topic 33: The chemistry of genes: DNA and the double helix

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Topic 34: The genetic code and mRNA

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Topic 35: Protein synthesis, ribosomes and tRNA

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Topic 36: Genetic differences and disease

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Topic 37: Genetic variability: drug metabolism and disease susceptibility

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Topic 38: Mutation, radiation and ageing

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Topic 39: Switching genes on and off: development, tissue specificity, adaptation and tolerance

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Topic 40: DNA and protein synthesis as targets: chemotherapy, antibiotics, etc.

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Topic 41: Hormones and second messengers

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Topic 42: Switching enzymes on and off: coarse and fine control

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Topic 43: Insulin, glucagon and adrenaline

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Topic 44: Diabetes

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Topic 45: Steroid hormones and receptors: fertility control, pregnancy testing, etc

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Topic 46: Pituitary hormones and feedback loops

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Topic 47: Thyroid hormones

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Topic 48: Adrenal cortex

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Topic 49: Prostaglandins and inflammation: aspirin

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Topic 50: Membrane transport

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Topic 51: Nerve and muscle

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Topic 52: pH homeostasis

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Topic 53: Diagnostic markers: biochemical tests

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Topic 54: Blood, bleeding and clotting

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Appendix 1: pH and neutrality

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Appendix 2: Crystallography

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Appendix 3: Protein forces, secondary structure and folding

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Appendix 4: Equilibrium constant

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Appendix 5: Phosphorus, phosphoric acid and phosphate esters

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Appendix 6: Coenzymes, cofactors and prosthetic groups

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Appendix 7: Coenzyme A

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Appendix 8: Krebs cycle and evidence for a catalytic reaction sequence

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Appendix 9: Knoop's experiment pointing to β-oxidation of fatty acids

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Appendix 10: Isoenzymes

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Appendix 11: Genetic code

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Appendix 12: Different kinds of mutation

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Appendix 13: Restriction enzymes

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Appendix 14: Enzyme inhibition

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Appendix 15: Electrophoresis to separate proteins

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Appendix 16: Chromatography and mass spectrometry to separate and identify metabolites

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Table Of Contents

Topic 1: Why biochemistry?

Topic 2: Remarkableness of life

Chemistry I: The basic structure of substances: atoms, molcules, elements and compounds

Chemistry II: Atomic structure, valency and bonding

Chemistry III: Protons, acids, bases, concentration and the pH scale

Topic 3: Shape, molecular recognition and proteins: an example

Topic 4: Proteins: molecular necklaces

Topic 5: Chemical transformations in the living organism: metabolism

Topic 6: Reactions, catalysts and enzymes

Topic 7: Specificity, saturation and active sites

Topic 8: Structure of metabolism: anabolism and catabolism

Chemistry IV: Equilibrium

Topic 9: Catabolism: degradation vs energy metabolism

Chemistry V: Oxidation and reduction

Topic 10: Oxidation and reduction in metabolism

Chemistry VI: Aldehydes, ketones and sugars

Topic 11: Carbohydrates: sugars and polysaccharides in metabolism

Topic 12: Glucose inside the body

Topic 13: Breakdown of sugar: glycolysis

Topic 14: Aerobic oxidation of pyruvate: Krebs cycle

Topic 15: Respiratory chain, oxidative phosphorylation and overall ATP yields

Topic 16: Mobilising the carbohydrate store: glycogenolysis

Chemistry VII: Alcohols, esters, glycerol, fatty acids and triglycerides

Chemistry VIII: Hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Topic 17: Phospholipids and membranes

Chemistry IX: Saturated and unsaturated

Topic 18: Fats as an energy source

Topic 19: Fats: digestion, transport, storage and mobilisation

Topic 20: Fats: oxidation of fatty acids

Topic 21: Ketone bodies in health and disease

Topic 22: Dietary fat: essential fatty acids

Topic 23: Protein and amino acid breakdown

Topic 24: Shedding excess amino groups: urea cycle

Topic 25: Is anabolism just catabolism backwards?

Topic 26: Making new glucose: 'gluconeogenesis'

Topic 27: Fatty acid biosynthesis

Topic 28: Providing reducing power: NADPH and the pentose phosphate pathway

Chemistry X: Isotopes

Topic 29: Red cells and white cells: defence against reactive oxygen and reactive oxygen as defence

Topic 30: The need for metabolic control

Topic 31: Relationship of fats and carbohydrates: use by different tissues

Topic 32: The idea of genes

Topic 33: The chemistry of genes: DNA and the double helix

Topic 34: The genetic code and mRNA

Topic 35: Protein synthesis, ribosomes and tRNA

Topic 36: Genetic differences and disease

Topic 37: Genetic variability: drug metabolism and disease susceptibility

Topic 38: Mutation, radiation and ageing

Topic 39: Switching genes on and off: development, tissue specificity, adaptation and tolerance

Topic 40: DNA and protein synthesis as targets: chemotherapy, antibiotics, etc.

Topic 41: Hormones and second messengers

Topic 42: Switching enzymes on and off: coarse and fine control

Topic 43: Insulin, glucagon and adrenaline

Topic 44: Diabetes

Topic 45: Steroid hormones and receptors: fertility control, pregnancy testing, etc

Topic 46: Pituitary hormones and feedback loops

Topic 47: Thyroid hormones

Topic 48: Adrenal cortex

Topic 49: Prostaglandins and inflammation: aspirin

Topic 50: Membrane transport

Topic 51: Nerve and muscle

Topic 52: pH homeostasis

Topic 53: Diagnostic markers: biochemical tests

Topic 54: Blood, bleeding and clotting

Appendix 1: pH and neutrality

Appendix 2: Crystallography

Appendix 3: Protein forces, secondary structure and folding

Appendix 4: Equilibrium constant

Appendix 5: Phosphorus, phosphoric acid and phosphate esters

Appendix 6: Coenzymes, cofactors and prosthetic groups

Appendix 7: Coenzyme A

Appendix 8: Krebs cycle and evidence for a catalytic reaction sequence

Appendix 9: Knoop's experiment pointing to β-oxidation of fatty acids

Appendix 10: Isoenzymes

Appendix 11: Genetic code

Appendix 12: Different kinds of mutation

Appendix 13: Restriction enzymes

Appendix 14: Enzyme inhibition

Appendix 15: Electrophoresis to separate proteins